Category: Publications-summaries

García-Ibáñez, M. I., Bates, N. R., Bakker, D. C. E., Fontela, M., & Velo, A. (2021). Cold-water corals in the Subpolar North Atlantic Ocean exposed to aragonite undersaturation if the 2 ° C global warming target is not met. Global and Planetary Change, 201, 103480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103480

Summary:

The net uptake of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere is changing the ocean’s chemical state. Such changes, commonly known as ocean acidification, include a reduction in pH and the carbonate ion concentration ([CO₃²⁻]), which in turn lowers oceanic saturation states (Ω) for calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) minerals. The Ω values for aragonite (Ω_aragonite; one of the main CaCO₃ minerals formed by marine calcifying organisms) influence the calcification rate and geographic distribution of cold-water corals (CWCs), important for biodiversity. In this study, high-quality measurements, collected on thirteen cruises along the same track during 1991–2018, are used to determine the long-term changes in Ω_aragonite in the Irminger and Iceland Basins of the North Atlantic Ocean, providing the first trends of Ω_aragonite in the deep waters of these basins. The entire water column of both basins showed significant negative Ω_aragonite trends with the decrease in Ω_aragonite in the intermediate waters, where nearly half of the CWC reefs of the study region are located, caused the Ω_aragonite isolines to rapidly migrate upwards at a rate between 6 and 34 m per year. The main driver of the decline in Ω_aragonite in the Irminger and Iceland Basins was the increase in anthropogenic CO₂. However, this was partially offset by increases in salinity (in Subpolar Mode Water), enhanced ventilation (in upper Labrador Sea Water), and increases in alkalinity (in classical Labrador Sea Water, cLSW; and overflow waters). The authors also found that water mass aging reinforced the Ω_aragonite decrease in cLSW. Based on these Ω_aragonite trends over the last three decades, it is projected that the entire water column of the Irminger and Iceland Basins will likely be undersaturated for aragonite when in equilibrium with an atmospheric mole fraction of CO₂ (xCO₂) of ~880 ppmv, corresponding to climate model projections for the end of the century based on the highest CO₂ emission scenarios. However, intermediate waters will likely be aragonite undersaturated when in equilibrium with an atmospheric xCO₂ exceeding ~630 ppmv, an xCO₂ level slightly above that corresponding to 2 °C global warming, thus exposing CWCs inhabiting the intermediate waters to undersaturation for aragonite.

Terhaar, J., Torres, O., Bourgeois, T., & Kwiatkowski, L. (2021). Arctic Ocean acidification over the 21st century co-driven by anthropogenic carbon increases and freshening in the CMIP6 model ensemble. Biogeosciences, 18 (6), 2221–2240. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021

Summary:

The uptake of carbon, emitted as a result of human activities, results in ocean acidification. The authors of this study analyse 21st-century projections of acidification in the Arctic Ocean, a region of particular vulnerability, using the latest generation of Earth system models. In this new generation of models there is a large decrease in the uncertainty associated with projections of Arctic Ocean acidification, with freshening playing a greater role in driving acidification than previously simulated.

Le Grix, N., Zscheischler, J., Laufkötter, C., Rousseaux, C. S., & Frölicher, T. L. (2021). Compound high-temperature and low-chlorophyll extremes in the ocean over the satellite period. Biogeosciences, 18 (6), 2119–2137. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2119-2021

Summary:

Marine ecosystems could suffer severe damage from the co-occurrence of a marine heat wave with extremely low chlorophyll concentration. This study provides a first assessment of compound marine heat wave and low-chlorophyll events in the global ocean from 1998 to 2018. The authors reveal hotspots of these compound events in the equatorial Pacific and in the Arabian Sea and show that they mostly occur in summer at high latitudes and their frequency is modulated by large-scale modes of climate variability.

Fontela, M., Velo, A., Gilcoto, M., & Pérez, F. F. (2021). Anthropogenic CO2 and ocean acidification in Argentine Basin Water Masses over almost five decades of observations. Science of The Total Environment, 779, 146570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146570

Summary:

This study evaluated chemical data from eleven hydrographic cruises conducted between 1972-2019 in the Argentine Basin, western South Atlantic Ocean. The aim was to quantify natural and human induced stressors in the carbon system. The authors reported an increase of the mean annual atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO₂^atm) from 325 to 408 ppm of volume (ppm) (64%) in a 47 year time-span covered this study. This increase leads to an increase in anthropogenic carbon (C_ant) across all the water column and consequently to ocean acidification (a decrease in excess carbonate), in particular in the upper and intermediate water masses, that in the Argentine Basin region are very sensitive to changes in carbon system. The large rate of intermediate water masses acidification is a combined effect of carbon uptake, deoxygenation, and increased remineralization of organic matter. If CO₂ emissions follow the path of business-as-usual emissions (SSP 5.85), the upper water masses would become undersaturated with respect to carbonate ion concentrations at the end of the century. The undersaturation in the intermediate water masses in the region of the Argentine Basin is virtually unavoidable.

 

Policy relevant message:

The upper water masses in the Argentine Basin region will become undersaturated with respect to carbonate ion concentrations at the end of the century if CO₂ emissions follow the path of business-as-usual emissions. The undersaturation in the intermediate water masses in the region is virtually unavoidable.

Pöppelmeier, F., Scheen, J., Jeltsch-Thömmes, A., & Stocker, T. F. (2021). Simulated stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum. Climate of the Past, 17(2), 615–632. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-615-2021

Summary:

The stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) critically depends on its mean state. The authors of this study simulate the response of the AMOC to North Atlantic freshwater perturbations under different glacial boundary conditions. They find that a closed Bering Strait greatly increases the AMOC’s sensitivity to freshwater hosing. Further, the shift from mono- to bistability strongly depends on the chosen boundary conditions, with weaker circulation states exhibiting more abrupt transitions.

Steinbach, J., Holmstrand, H., Shcherbakova, K., Kosmach, D., Brüchert, V., Shakhova, N., Salyuk, A., Sapart, C. J., Chernykh, D., Noormets, R., Semiletov, I., & Gustafsson, Ö. (2021). Source apportionment of methane escaping the subsea permafrost system in the outer Eurasian Arctic Shelf. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(10), e2019672118 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019672118

Summary:

Extensive release of methane from sediments of the world’s largest continental shelf, the East Siberian Arctic Ocean (ESAO), is one of the few Earth system processes that can cause a net transfer of carbon from land/ocean to the atmosphere and thus amplify global warming on the timescale of this century. An important gap in our current knowledge concerns the contributions of different subsea pools to the observed methane releases. This knowledge is a prerequisite to robust predictions on how these releases will develop in the future. Triple-isotope–based fingerprinting of the origin of the highly elevated ESAO methane levels points to a limited contribution from shallow microbial sources and instead a dominating contribution from a deep thermogenic pool.

García-Lafuente, J., Sammartino, S., Huertas, I. E., Flecha, S., Sánchez-Leal, R. F., Naranjo, C., Nadal, I., & Bellanco, M. J. (2021). Hotter and Weaker Mediterranean Outflow as a Response to Basin-Wide Alterations. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.613444

Summary

Time series collected from 2004 to 2020 at an oceanographic station located nearby the Strait of Gibraltar to monitor the Mediterranean outflow into the North Atlantic. Data collected at this station provides insights into changes occurring in the Mediterranean basin. The water mass exchange at the Strait of Gibraltar has decreased slightly and a warming trend was recorded in the deepest layer of the outflow from 2013 onwards. This trend is an order of magnitude greater than any other reported so far in the water masses of the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeochemical (pH) data display a negative trend indicating a gradual acidification of the outflow in the monitoring station. According to data analysis of this study, Levantine Intermediate Water contribution in the outflow is progressively getting larger. This study adds to growing evidence of the impact of acidification and warming of the Mediterranean Sea basin.

Policy relevant message:

This study adds to growing evidence that the Mediterranean Sea is progressively getting warmer and more acidic and therefore more corrosive to many vital marine species.

Gregor, L., & Gruber, N. (2021). OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification. Earth System Science Data, 13(2), 777–808. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-777-2021

Summary:

Ocean acidification (OA) has altered the ocean’s carbonate chemistry, with consequences for marine life. Yet, no observation-based data set exists that permits to study changes in OA. This study fills this gap with a global data set of relevant surface ocean parameters over the period 1985–2018. This data set, OceanSODA-ETHZ, was created by using satellite and other data to extrapolate ship-based measurements of carbon dioxide and total alkalinity from which parameters for OA were computed.

Torres, O., Kwiatkowski, L., Sutton, A. J., Dorey, N., Orr, J. C. (2021) Characterising mean and extreme diurnal variability of ocean CO2 system variables across marine environments, Geophys. Res. Lett., e2020GL090228, accepted, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090228

Summary:

Our understanding of how ocean pH and related chemical variables vary during the day (known as diurnal variability) is not well established. In this study, a recent data set was used of such observations collected every 3 h during 8–140 months from 37 buoys located across the oceans to assess these diurnal variations and what drives them. In extreme cases, observed changes over 24 h were found to be greater than those observed between seasons. Diurnal variations in these chemical variables are particularly large in coastal waters and near coral reefs and are not negligible further offshore. Along with the more gradual, long‐term acidification of the ocean from atmospheric CO₂ increases year after year, diurnal and seasonal variability of ocean chemistry is also expected to change dramatically. Understanding how this diurnal variability will change in the future is important because it modulates the levels of acidification experienced by marine organisms from long‐term yearly changes.

Fassbender, A. J., Orr, J. C., and Dickson, A. G. (2021). Technical note: Interpreting pH changes, Biogeosciences, 18, 1407–1415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1407-2021

Summary:

A decline in upper-ocean pH with time is typically ascribed to ocean acidification. A more quantitative interpretation is often confused by failing to recognize the implications of pH being a logarithmic transform of hydrogen ion concentration rather than an absolute measure. This can lead to an unwitting misinterpretation of pH data. This study provides three real-world examples illustrating this and recommends the reporting of both hydrogen ion concentration and pH in studies of ocean chemical change.